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Narara Ecovillage infrastructure incorporates advanced smart grid technology. For homes in the smart grid to work effectively, there are several technologies that must be installed, and there are also options for additional energy saving technologies that can be deployed by Lot Owners. Home Energy Options for Narara Ecovillage prepared for NEV Power by Best Solutions summarises the home energy options and provides performance specifications which can be used as a home design guide. The specified technologies are summarised as follows:
Mandatory installation technologies
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As part of developments sustainability mandate, each home will be required to install a 3.0 kW photovoltaic array as a minimum. In the Narara climate, a 3.0 kW photovoltaic array will generate 4,270 kWh / annum. The generated power will feed into the home distribution board, with excess power being sold to the grid or stored in a home battery. Ideally all homes in will be self-sufficient, and therefore the 3.0 kW is a minimum. The system will need to be coupled with a hybrid (battery ready) inverter. The inverter size should be 4.0 kW minimum to allow sufficient battery storage connectivity.
Figure: Photovoltaic Schematic
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Hybrid inverters can simultaneously manage inputs from both solar panels and a battery bank, charging batteries with either solar panels or the electricity grid. The inverters generally have an in-built management and control system that can optimise generation, storage and use. The controls can also interface with a home energy management system or site wide smart grid control system. There are several suppliers of hybrid ready inverters and a sample performance specification is provided below. Note that the inverters should have a remote reactive power control. Recommended manufactures of hybrid ready inverters include:
Figure: Typical Hybrid Inverters (Fronius) |
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A smart meter is an electricity meter that measures and records electrical data at set intervals. They are typically set-up to record data on 15min or 30min intervals and record power use, voltage, current and power quality. The output data can interface with a home energy management system or site wide smart grid control system. This interval data allows better understanding of a home’s energy use profile and allows a home energy management system to optimise equipment use. Additionally, the electronic recording of energy data allows for simpler billing especially in cases where power is being imported and exported from the home. It is becoming increasingly more common for home energy management systems to provide smart meter functionality. There are several suppliers of smart meters, recommended manufactures include:
Figure: Typical Smart Meter (Ceta) |
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Home energy management systems are multi-function controllers that optimise equipment use within the home. It is becoming increasingly more common for home energy management systems to provide smart meter functionality as well. Home energy management systems can interface with solar inverters, smart meters and wide smart grid control system. A typical home in Narara Ecovillage will include the following home energy management system:
The home energy management system shall operate in a way to minimise import and export of energy from the house nano grid. Excess power generated from home PV systems shall be allocated to local loads such as hot water and batteries before export from the building unless requested by the demand management controller and smart grid. There are several suppliers of home energy management systems and a sample performance specification is provided below. Recommended manufactures of home energy management systems include:
Figure: Typical Home Energy Management System (CarbonTRACK) |
Additional energy saving technologies
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The Narara Ecovillage site will have centralised batteries at the main administration building (B1) and farm square. These centralised batteries will be used to store energy to support central services (water pumping, street lights, etc) when there is no available solar. Batteries can be either A.C. coupled or D.C. coupled, sketches for these options are attached as an appendix to this document. Networked battery and PV systems are also possible, sketches for a network option are also attached as an appendix to this document Individual homes are encouraged to install batteries to balance the loads within the home environment. While current prices remain high, it is anticipated that battery prices will reduce significantly over the next 2 years as additional products are released. There are several suppliers of battery systems including:
Figure: Typical Lithium Ion Battery (LG) A sample performance specification for a lithium Ion battery is provided below. |
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Heat Recovery Air Source Heat Pump Air source heat pumps have the ability to use the air as a heat source or a heat sink. With these systems, a reversible refrigeration process is used to generate heated water or chilled water, with the added benefit that the heat rejected through the cooling process can also be used to generate heated water. Electricity is used to drive the heat pump; and these systems have very high energy efficiency ratios even at low ambient conditions (-10 OC to 0 OC). Space heating and cooling is delivered via concealed fan coil units and domestic hot water is stored in an insulated vessel via a heat exchanger with an electric heating element for emergency back-up. There are several suppliers of these systems and a sample performance specification is provided below Figure: Heat Recovery Air Source Heat Pump Schematic Air Source Heat Pump Heating / Cooling Air source heat pumps have the ability to use the air as a heat source or a heat sink. For space heating and cooling a reversible refrigeration process is used to generate heated refrigerant or chilled refrigerant. Electricity is used to drive the process; and these systems have high energy efficiency ratios. Space heating and cooling is delivered via concealed refrigerant based fan coil units. However, there is no heat recovery with these systems and therefore they do not generate hot water. There are several suppliers of these systems and a sample performance specification is provided below.
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For domestic hot water a refrigeration process is used to generate heated refrigerant. The heated refrigerant is then pumped through a heat exchanger to store domestic hot water. Electricity is used to drive the process; and these systems have high energy efficiency ratios, even at low ambient conditions (-10 OC to 0 OC). Domestic hot water is stored in an insulated vessel with an electric heating element for emergency back-up. There are several suppliers of these systems and a sample performance specification is provided below. Figure: Hot Water Air Source Heat Pump Schematic |
Heat pump heating / cooling systems.
Heat pump hot water systems.
The document is intended to be a live document and will be updated as the smart grid design progresses.
Technical Drawings
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For domestic hot water a refrigeration process is used to generate heated refrigerant. The heated refrigerant is then pumped through a heat exchanger to store domestic hot water. Electricity is used to drive the process; and these systems have high energy efficiency ratios, even at low ambient conditions (-10 OC to 0 OC). Domestic hot water is stored in an insulated vessel with an electric heating element for emergency back-up. There are several suppliers of these systems and a sample performance specification is provided below. Image Added Figure: Hot Water Air Source Heat Pump Schematic |
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For domestic hot water a refrigeration process is used to generate heated refrigerant. The heated refrigerant is then pumped through a heat exchanger to store domestic hot water. Electricity is used to drive the process; and these systems have high energy efficiency ratios, even at low ambient conditions (-10 OC to 0 OC). Domestic hot water is stored in an insulated vessel with an electric heating element for emergency back-up. There are several suppliers of these systems and a sample performance specification is provided below. Image Added Figure: Hot Water Air Source Heat Pump Schematic |
Design Specification
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